Diabetes Mellitus: A Fundamental and Clinical Text
3rd Edition
© 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
←↑→
P
P85
1227–1228
PACAP
374
PAI-1
971–972
Pain
diabetic neuropathy
1351
PAK See Pancreas after kidney (PAK)
Pancreas
development of
773–774
endocrine cell differentiation
776
islet cell tumors
1432–1433
proglucagon
posttranslational processing
100
replacement
711
transcription factors
774–777
775
Pancreas after kidney (PAK)
Medicare
743
recipient selection for
742
transplantation
735
Pancreas graft
vascularized management of
713
735
Pancreas transplantation
733–744
753
diabetic complications
741–742
financial issues
742–743
future of
743–744
graft rejection
prevention of
740–741
history
734–736
from living donors
735–736
metabolism
741–742
organ allocation
742–743
rationale
733–734
recipient selection for
742
renal biopsy
742
surgical technique
740
techniques
735
Pancreas transplantation alone (PTA)
734
735
diabetic nephropathy
741–742
P.1533

Medicare
743
recipient selection for
742
Pancreas transplant registry
with cadaver pancreas transplantation
736–740
living segmental donor
739–740
Pancreatectomy rat model
ninety percent
115–116
117
118–120
Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1)
20
756
767
775
776
IRS-2 signaling
217
Pancreatic beta-cell
chronic hyperglycemia
115–125
growth and differentiation
105
insulin receptor substrate 2
216–217
phosphodiesterase 3B
377–378
type 2 diabetes mellitus
900–901
Pancreatic beta-cell-specific insulin receptor knockout mice (BIRKO)
250
Pancreatic endocrine cells
glucagon-like peptide-1
102
Pancreatic exocrine insufficiency
1355
Pancreatic exocrine tissue
757
Pancreatic islet(s) See Islet(s)
Pancreatic islet beta-cell See Islet beta-cell
Pancreatic islets of Langerhans
BBDP/Wor rat
592
Pancreatic nesidioblastosis
82–83
Pancreaticoduodenal transplant alone
735
Pancreatic transcription factor 1 (PTF1)
393
Pancreatitis
631
Papaverine
1355
Patch clamps
52
52b
Pax4
776
Pax6
776
PCOS
insulin resistance syndrome
908
PC-PLD
302
PD
98–59
424
PDGF See Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
PDK1
282–284
PDX-1 See Pancreatic and duodenal homeobox-1 (PDX-1)
PDX-1/STF-1
134
135
Pedersen, Jorgen
1257
PEDF
diabetic retinopathy
1473
Penile function
special tests of
1348
Pens
695
Pentamidine
880
Pentoxyfylline
diabetic neuropathy
1352
PEPCK See Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)
Peptide immunization
for type 1A diabetes mellitus
596
Perforating ulcer
1340
See also Neuropathic ulcer
Perilipins
368
369
lipid droplet coating
365–368
lipolysis
368–369
Peripheral arterial disease
1401–1402
Peripheral glucose utilization (PGU)
383
Peripheral (muscle) insulin resistance
free fatty acids
979–981
Peripheral skin blood flow
1348
Peripheral Sur1 KO effects
88–89
Perlecan
155–156
156
Permanent neonatal diabetes
1425
Pernicious anemia
501
561
568
Peroxisome proliferator
1323
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
1139–1148
1323
1495
atherosclerosis
1145
dimerization
443
discovery of
1140
DNA binding
443
functional domains
442–443
historical perspective
1139–1144
hypoglycemia
1429–1430
ligands
clinical perspectives
1144–1146
structure of
1141
protein structure
442–443
selective modulators
1147–1148
structure of
1140
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPAR-alpha)
agonists
1071
ligands
1141–1142
molecular biology of
441
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-delta (PPAR-delta)
ligands
1143–1144
molecular biology of
441
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma)
441–450
992
1008
adipose tissue
448
atherosclerosis
449
functional domains
442
gene
1016
genetic mutations
449
ligand-dependent transcription
activation
445
repression
447–448
ligands
443–444
1142–1143
liver
448–449
molecular biology of
441–442
443
N-terminus
446–447
partial agonists
445
physiology
448–449
resistance syndrome
445–446
retinoid X receptor ligands
444–445
skeletal muscle
448–449
target genes
445
448–449
therapy
449–450
tumor necrosis factor-alpha
957
Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma 2 (PPAR-gamma 2)
obesity
834
Peroxynitrite
1487
Persistent hyperglycemia
1334
Persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy
82–83
PET See Positron emission tomography (PET)
PGU
383
PH domain-interacting protein (PHIP)
227
Phe-B25-Leu
887
Phe-B24-Ser
887
Phendimetrazine
849
850
Phentermine
848–849
849
850
Phenytoin
diabetic neuropathy
1352
Phlorizin
117
940
941
Phorbol esters
insulin-like effects of
305
Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN)
216
234
Phosphate
for DKA
637–638
for HHS
637–638
Phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis
insulin
302
Phosphatidylcholine phospholipase D (PC-PLD)
302
Phosphatidylinositide-3 kinase
210–211
cascade
insulin receptor substrate proteins
210–213
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)
61
Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)
225
227
228
229–230
277
341
342
374
independent glucose transport activation
atypical protein kinase C noninsulin agonists
311
independent pathway
355–357
insulin
303
Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase related protein kinase family (PIKK)
290
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-triphosphate (PIP3)
230
kinase
exercise
675
Phosphodiesterase 3
gene family
374–375
inhibitor sensitivities
374
kinetic properties
374
structural organization
375
subcellular localization
374–375
tissue-specific expression
374–375
Phosphodiesterase 3A
374
Phosphodiesterase 3B
374
adipocytes
378
insulin secretion
373–378
lipolysis
373–378
membrane association
375
regulation
375–377
Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK)
231
394–395
396
397
398
399
400
403
like insulin receptor substrate (IRS)
400
like motif
394–402
Phosphofructokinase
1295
Phosphoinositides
77
Phosphorus
and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
812
Phosphotyrosine binding (PTB)
421
Photocoagulation
diabetic retinopathy
1309–1310
P.1534

Physical activity See also Exercise
aging
874
insulin resistance syndrome
909–910
Physical inactivity
glucose transporters
928
type 2 diabetes mellitus
792
PIGF
diabetic retinopathy
1473
PI3K See Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)
PIKK
290
Pima Indians
805
860–861
1006
1259
insulin resistance
obesity
800–801
plasma insulin concentration in nondiabetics
799
type 2 diabetes mellitus
789
791
Pioglitazone
444
1144–1145
hypoglycemia
1220
PIP2
61
PIP3
230
kinase
exercise
675
Pipettes
52
52b
solutions
53
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP)
374
PKA
373
insulin receptor (IR)
235
PKB See Protein kinase B (PKB)
PKC See Protein kinase C (PKC)
Plasma glucose
hyperinsulinemia
1461–1462
1461
Plasma membrane
beta-granules transport
39–40
intracellular transport to
mutations impairing
1018–1019
Plasma triglycerides
insulin resistance syndrome
905–906
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
insulin
194
Plasticity
defined
774
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
227
341
426
1317
diabetic nephropathy
1477
diabetic retinopathy
1473
Pleckstrin homology domains
281
Pluripotent
defined
774
Pneumonia
631
Pocket P9
insulin B
546
Polio
586
Polycystic ovary syndrome
metformin for
1124
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
insulin resistance syndrome
908
Polycythemia
1259
in neonates
1282
Polyendocrinopathy
1425
Polygenic knockout models
251–252
Polygenic models
quantitative approach
1051–1052
Polyhydramnios
1276–1277
Polyol pathway
diabetic retinopathy
1309
increased flux of
1442–1443
Polyphosphoinositide
281
Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA)
663
Positron emission tomography (PET)
815
816–822
adipose tissue
817
822
coronary blood flow
821
description
816
myocardial metabolism
821–822
myocardium
821
regional metabolism
810
regional vs. dynamic
818
skeletal muscle
817–819
817
optimizing
819–822
Postexercise hypoglycemia
677
Postimplantation period
1251
Postnatal pancreas
106
Postprandial glucose
1216
Postprandial hyperglycemia
654
cardiovascular disease
1153
macrovascular complications
1152
management
1154–1155
microvascular complications
1151–1152
pathogenic mechanisms of
1152–1153
type 2 diabetes mellitus
1151–1154
Postprandial hypoaminoacidemia
1240
Postprandial hypoglycemia
1434–1435
Postprandial lipemia
insulin resistance syndrome
906
Postreceptor leptin resistance
147
Postural hypotension
1354
Potassium
for DKA
637
for HHS
637
insulin
194
PotassiumATP (KATP)
blockade
63
whole-cell
beta-cells
55
PotassiumATP (KATP) channels
7
8
56
72
73
73
76
77
80
81
84–86
adenosine triphosphate sensitive
105
beta-cell
75
reconstitution
72
beta-cell glucose-mediated depolarization
56
blockers
70
70
genes
81–82
glucose homeostasis
90
hyperinsulinism
85
independent pathways
8
8
9
time-dependent potentiation
11
isoforms
sulfonylurea receptors
77
KIR6.2/SUR1
brain
89
mutations
hyperinsulinemia
84
type 2 diabetes mellitus
85–86
Potassium channels
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
72–74
hyperpolarized resting membrane potential
55–56
beta-cell
58–60
delayed rectifier voltage-gated
58
59
openers
80–81
81
PotassiumIR6.1
KO mice
89–90
PotassiumIR6.2
72
KO mice
89
sulfonylurea receptor 1 (SUR1)
82
potassiumATP (KATP) channels
89
sulfonylurea receptor 2 (SUR2)
82
Potassiumslow currents
60
Pp185
208
PPAR See Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)
Prader-Willi syndrome
829
P21 Ras
423
guanosine triphosphate (GRP)
425
Preconceptional glycemic control
1279
Precursor cells
defined
774
Prediabetes
insulin secretion
889
Preeclampsia
1275–1276
Pregestational diabetes
1242–1243
malformation rates
1253
Pregestimil
diabetes
animal models
602
Pregnancy
1265–1283
1430–1431
embryogenesis
1251–1256
intermediary metabolism
1237–1246
long-term effects
1283
maternal diabetic complications
1265–1275
normal
integrated metabolism of
1240–1242
type 1 diabetes mellitus
1268
Pregnancy-induced hypertension
1275–1276
Premature menopause
561
Premeal hyperglycemia
adjusting for
1193
Premixed insulin
695
Prenatal environment
GLUT-4
930–931
Prenyltransferase
424
Preproinsulin
27–28
28
translocation of
30
Preproinsulin messenger ribonucleic acid
28
29
translation of
30
Preschool-aged children
insulin
695–696
Preterm delivery
1276
Prevention trials
baseline characteristics of
1080
eligibility criteria for
1080
Primates
nonhuman
antidiabetes pharmacotherapy
1070–1071
models of type 2 diabetes mellitus
1059–1072
Priming
11
Problem solving
in obesity
851
Probucol
1493
Processing enzymes
proinsulin conversion
36–40
Progenitor cells
differentiation
stimulation of
764
generating insulin producing cells
766
P.1535

Proglucagon
101
posttranslational processing
100
Proglycogen hypothesis
320–321
Prograf
736
740
Proinsulin
122
900
biosynthesis of
30–32
31
120–121
stimulus-coupling mechanism for
32
translational regulation of
32–33
folding in endoplasmic reticulum
33–35
structural requirements and sequential processing of
38
Proinsulin conversion
36–40
37
processing enzymes
36–40
regulation of
38–39
Proinsulin-like peptides
circulating
890–891
Proopiomelanocortin
1048
Proopiomelanocortin mutations
obesity
833
Prostaglandin E
1355
Protease inhibitors
882–883
Protein(s)
844
diabetes
animal models
602
glycemia
662
insulin signaling network
234
metabolism
173–178
173
pregnancy
1240
renal disease
661–662
synthesis
regulation
292
type 1 diabetes mellitus
661–662
Protein acylation
10
Protein C
isoforms
1228
Protein catabolism
insulin
174
Protein kinase A (PKA)
373
insulin receptor (IR)
235
Protein kinase B (PKB)
230–232
282–284
342
374
1324
cascade
211–212
downstream targets of
284–285
substrates
213
Protein kinase C (PKC)
301–311
859
1322
1446
See also Atypical protein kinase C
activation
303–304
activation of
1445–1446
atypical
213
activation
309
insulin
308
PI3K-independent glucose transport activation
311
atypical isoforms of
230
diabetes mellitus
310
diabetic retinopathy
1309
downregulation of
305
306
ERK activation
insulin
310–311
inhibitors
306
insulin receptor (IR)
235
insulin-stimulated glucose transport
308–310
isoforms
304
obesity
310
protein synthesis
311
substrate phosphorylation
insulin
305
Protein phosphatase type 1 gene
1006
Protein synthesis
insulin
175–176
189
protein kinase B (Akt)
230–231
protein kinase C
311
Protein-tyrosine binding (PTB) domain
226
227
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase)
255–265
567
catalytic site
263
enzyme superfamily
256
inhibitors
development of
264
insulin action pathway regulation
256–262
insulin-resistant states
262
insulin signaling network
234
in situ catalytic activity
thiol oxidation
262–263
structure
256
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)
214
257–259
257
258
259
1226–1227
Proteinuria
662
672
1271
1316
1319
Proteolysis
insulin suppression
175
Prothrombin
insulin resistance syndrome
908
Proton MRS
988–989
Proximal neuropathy
1338
P70 S6 kinase
domain structure
284
mammalian target
rapamycin
287–292
Psoralen and ultraviolet A light (PUVA)
1412
PTA See Pancreas transplantation alone (PTA)
PTB
421
PTB domain
226
227
Ptd Ins D3 phosphorylation
279–280
effectors
identification
280–282
Ptd Ins 3,4,5P3
277–279
Ptd Ins 3,4,5P3p dependent kinase 1 (PDK1)
282–284
283
PTEN
216
234
PTF1
393
PTPase See Protein-tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase)
PTP1B See Protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B)
PUFA
663
Pulsatile insulin release
870
Pulsatile insulin secretion
890
Pulsed dye laser
1412
Punctate hemorrhages
vs. microaneurysms
1303–1304
PUVA
1412
Pyridostigmine
1354
Pyridoxine
666
Pyrosequencing
544
Pyruvate cycling
GSIS
770
770
Pyruvate kinase
1295
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